June Brown (Susan, Manhunt) dies aged 95

June Brown as Susan in Manhunt, the opening episode of the third and final series of Survivors

JUNE BROWN, WHO appeared in the opening episode of the third and final series of Survivors, has died at the age of 95.

Brown appears in the role of Susan in ‘Manhunt’, the only episode in the series written by producer Terry Dudley. Susan is a survivor who shares a small settlement with the blacksmith Seth (Dan Meaden) who finds the ill and delirious Jack after he narrowly escapes a wild dog pack on his return from Norway with Greg and Agnes. While Seth makes contact with Charles Vaughan at Challenor, Susan tends to the injured traveller as best she can. The pair then play host to Charles and Jenny, before their two visitors head off in pursuit of Greg Preston hoping to make sense of Jack’s confused account of what awaits them at Wellingham.

Born in Needham Market, Suffolk in 1927, Brown served with the Wrens during World War Two. After the war she was accepted at the Old Vic School in London and subsequently joined the Old Vic company, appearing in touring shows and in productions at Stratford-upon-Avon and the Birmingham Rep. 

WAYMARKER

By the time she was cast in the small guest role in Survivors, Brown had already established a career on the small screen as well as on stage. On TV, she’d appeared in Armchair Mystery Theatre (1964), Z-Cars (1964-72), Dixon of Dock Green (1965-69), The Prince and the Pauper (1976) and many other series.

Amongst fans of genre TV of the period, Brown is especially well-known for playing the role of Lady Eleanor in the Doctor Who story ‘The Time Warrior’ (shown between December 1973 and January 1984).

In 1977, the same year that she featured in Survivors, she also secured guest roles in Crown Court and The Duchess of Duke Street and appeared in a television adaptation of A Christmas Carol. Her role in one episode of Survivors was a minor waymarker in her long career, and was not something that drew much attention (outside of the ranks of Survivors fans) in the years that followed.

Brown continued to win supporting and guest roles in TV series of all kinds, and appeared in numerous stage productions. But it was her audition in 1985 for the role of Dot Cotton in the BBC soap Eastenders that completely transformed Brown’s career.

PANTHEON

Dot was the “chainsmoking, hypochondriac launderette manager of Albert Square”, a role that presented Brown with “a great Dickensian character of detail, humanity and colour” that over time saw Dot secure her place in the “the long-running soap’s female pantheon” (Guardian, 4 April 2022).

Brown would go on to appear in more than 2,300 Eastenders episodes as her character became one of the most fondly-regarded of the show’s ensemble, featuring in any number of major soap storylines. The role won her several industry awards, and Brown was also awarded an MBE in 2008, and an OBE in 2022. Brown retired from the cast of Eastenders in early 2020 at the age of 93.

June Brown: 16 February 1927 – 3 April 2022

Peter Bowles (David Grant, The Fourth Horseman) dies aged 85

Peter Bowles (as David Grant) - The Fourth Horseman - at the Grants home

PETER BOWLES, who played the role of Abby Grant’s husband David in the very first Survivors episode The Fourth Horseman, has died of cancer at the age of 85.

“He was lovely,” Carolyn Seymour (Abby Grant) recalled on the episode commentary for the DD Video release of the first series of Survivors on DVD. “He was just wonderful as my husband.”

By the time he was casting for The Fourth Horseman, director Pennant Roberts had been aware of Bowles’ rising stage and screen career for many years. The pair had first met while Bowles had been working at the Bristol Vic in the early 1960s.

Audience expectation

By 1974, when Roberts was looking to cast the role of the home-counties businessman David Grant, he knew he needed an actor with real presence; someone that – despite his character’s privileged social status – TV audiences would identify with. By that time, Bowles “had established himself”, Roberts recalled in 2003. He was “not as established as he became subsequently” but he was an actor that, in 1975, many TV viewers would have recognised.

That was an important consideration, because Terry Nation’s script for The Fourth Horseman deliberately confounds audience expectation about David Grant’s likely fate. The plotline strongly suggests that the ailing Abby might die, while her as-yet unaffected husband could survive the outbreak.

What Bowles captures so well is the sense of displacement that David Grant feels

“To make the story work you had to feel that [he] was another lead actor” on a par with Seymour, Roberts explained. Someone who could become a series’ regular. So when David Grant subsequently dies, his unexpected death “has a real effect on the viewer,” Roberts reflected.

The character of David Grant only appears in a few pivotal scenes before he succumbs to the virus, but Bowles’ performance leaves a memorable impression. As the virus reaches his commuter-belt village, Bowles brilliantly captures David’s rising panic – as his world comes apart, and Abby falls ill. What begins as irritation at a difficult journey home from a disrupted office, ends with David’s desperate attempts to save Abby’s life and his recognition of the full, terrible reality of the pandemic.

INNER-ALARM

What Bowles captures so well is the sense of displacement that David Grant feels. In conversation with Abby at their dinner table, it’s clear he’s attempting to silence his inner-alarm about the worsening situation in the country through denial. By the time he races off into the night to find Doctor Gordon, the businessman – who’s used to being in charge of every aspect of his life – is now struggling in a world in which nothing is any longer under his control. The fact that David dies alone (and unseen) on his living room couch, while Abby battles through the virus upstairs, only adds to the poignancy – and indeed the shock – of his passing.

Born in London in 1936, Bowles would begin his sixty-year acting career by securing a scholarship for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), going on to join The Old Vic Company. It was the start of a lengthy and diverse stage career, which saw Bowles appear in more than 40 productions over the years.

Finely judged comedic performances were balanced by serious dramatic roles

His interest in theatre never diminished, even as he secured success and recognition for his TV roles. One of his final theatrical performances, at the age of 81, was as Father Merrin in a stage version of The Exorcist.

Whilst he enjoyed a low-key career as a movie actor, appearing in films such as The Offence (1972), Try This One For Size (1989) and The Steal (1995), it was his work in television that secured him the most attention.

Good life

Famously turning down the role of Jerry Leadbetter in The Good Life in favour of some more theatre work, Bowles later found fame in TV sit-coms including Only When I Laugh (1979-82), The Bounder (1982-83) and Executive Stress (1987-88). He drew most plaudits for his role as the self-made businessman Richard DeVere in To The Manor Born (1979-2007), alongside Penelope Keith. It remained a hugely popular show throughout its run, consistently attracting huge viewing figures.

But those finely judged comedic performances were also balanced by serious dramatic roles. Building on one-off appearances in a wide variety of TV series in the 1960s, including The Baron, Softly Softly and Take Three Girls (in which Seymour starred), Bowles would go on to take more substantive roles in series such as Rumpole of the Bailey (1979-82), The Irish R.M. (1983-85), Lytton’s Diary (1985-86) and many others. His last major small-screen role was as the Duke of Wellington in Victoria (2016-2019).

Bowles’ impressive acting career saw him take on a varied and contrasting roles over course of six decades, allowing him to showcase his talents in both comedy and straight drama. He was often cast in the guise of the dapper gentleman or the charming professional rogue, but he was always keen to avoid typecasting.

Without in any sense discounting his impressive corpus of work, for enthusiasts of Survivors Peter Bowles will always be indelibly associated with the role of the doomed David Grant. David’s abrupt death comes as a body-blow to Abby Grant, confirming that her former life has gone forever. Like the passing of Jenny Richards’ flatmate Pat, this intimate, personal loss is a potent on-screen metaphor for what is, by the closing credits of The Fourth Horseman, confirmed to be a global human catastrophe.

The final image of the episode shows Abby driving away from the flames consuming the Grants’ home – an improvised funeral pyre for David Grant- and towards whatever life now awaits her.

Bowles’ death was widely covered in the British press, with obituaries appearing in The Guardian, The Mail, The Independent, The Mirror and many other publications.

Peter Bowles: 16 October 1936 – 17 March 2022

Peter Bowles (David Grant) - The Fourth Horseman - meeting Abby at Brimpsfield station.png
Peter Bowles (David Grant) - The Fourth Horseman - meeting Dr Joe Gordon
Peter Bowles - framed image at The Ferry Boat Inn, Riverside, Stoke Bardolph, Nottinghamshire NG14 5HX
Peter Bowles – framed image at The Ferry Boat Inn, Riverside, Stoke Bardolph, Nottinghamshire NG14 5HX – celebrating the actor’s local connections

Reviews of Survivors: New Dawn 2 published

Survivors: New Dawn 2

REVIEWS OF ALL three episodes in the Big Finish Survivors audio box set New Dawn 2 have today been published on the Survivors: A World Away site.

Individual reviews of each story in the concluding part of the New Dawn series, starring Carolyn Seymour and Lucy Fleming are available: Bad Blood, When First We Practice to Deceive and Last Stand. The final review concludes:

The New Dawn series has been a compelling, well-executed foray into a ‘future’ post-pandemic Britain never before attempted in the Survivors universe. Big Finish regularly jumps around within and beyond the established canon of TV series in its range, and that option would remain open in the world of Survivors. Who knows what will come next? If New Dawn 2 marks the end of Survivors journey on audio, then that will mean that an accomplished, inventive and assured series concludes with a remarkable and satisfying endpoint.

Big Finish have yet to announce the company’s plans in relation to any future audio releases (box sets or audiobooks) in the Survivors range.

As things stand at the moment, the Survivors: A World Away Big Finish Survivors site (which was launched back in 2014) currently contains individual episode reviews of 36 stories in the first nine series run, six episode reviews from the New Dawn adventures, and reviews of the audiobooks of Survivors (Terry Nation’s 1976 novel) and Ghosts and Demons (2021) – along with interviews with cast and crew members, including Ian McCulloch, Carolyn Seymour and Lucy Fleming.

This site will, of course, continue to provide full coverage and reviews of any future Survivors content produced by Big Finish.

Published today – Survivors: Mad Dog (Silver Archive)

Obverse Books - Silver Imprint - Mad Dog - front cover (complete with title typo, corrected in the final version)

A NEW BOOK, offering an in-depth study of the classic third series Survivors episode Mad Dog, is published by Obverse Books today (17 February 2022).

Written by Survivors: A World Away site editor Rich Cross, this latest entry in Obverse Books’ Silver Archive imprint, turns a critical and analytical spotlight on one of the best remembered episodes from the show’s third and final series.


Silver Archive – Survivors: Mad Dog

“Saliva only has to make contact with the skin. Rabies doesn’t even need a scratch. If it’s in the bloodstream, it’s too late.”

Mad Dog (1977) is a standout instalment of the third and final series of the BBC’s post-apocalyptic series Survivors. A touchstone in the series’ switch to a tougher, bleaker sensibility, the episode is rightly remembered for its portrayal of rabies and its gripping chase sequences. But it’s also a story offering fascinating insights into the wider human predicament, which dramatise the tension between optimism and cynicism and between altruism and self-interest. Above all, it’s a story that foregrounds the complex relationship between humanity and the natural world in a fictional post-pandemic Britain.

Rich Cross has published widely about science fiction and genre TV and retains a singular fascination with post-apocalyptic and dystopian television drama.


In an exclusive interview for this site, Rich Cross explains:

“For long-standing, knowledgeable fans of Survivors, I’m sure that there will still be a great deal of new, and hopefully insightful, analysis about one of the best regarded episodes in the show’s entire run. And I’m confident that there is a wealth of new reflections which situates the story of Survivors and of Mad Dog in the cultural, political and social times in which it was made.”

“Even for those able to recite sections of dialogue from the script, and who know each and every location in which the episode was recorded, I’m hopeful that they’ll enjoy discussions about themes and ideas in the drama of Mad Dog that they may not have considered before. That’s something that should enhance their appreciation of the work of writer Don Shaw, director Tristan de Vere Cole, and their talented cast and crew, the next time they rewatch the episode.”

“There’s certainly no requirement to be a ‘Survivors expert’ to enjoy the book, and there’s a great deal in the book that should intrigue fans of 1970s genre television, as well as cultural and political historians of the UK in the 1970s.”


The Obverse Books’ Silver Archive entry Survivors: Mad Dog is available to buy direct from the Obverse Books site – in both print and electronic formats (and in a p&e combo).

Rich Cross. 2022. Survivors: Mad Dog. Obverse Books (Silver Archive), ISBN: 9781913456221, pp.168. https://obversebooks.co.uk/product/sa07-survivors-mad-dog/

Survivors: New Dawn 2 audio box set released today

Survivors: New Dawn 2

BIG FINISH HAVE today (10 February 2022) released new and original Survivors audio box set New Dawn 2.

The press release announcing the release is reproduced below:

The Survivors are Divided!

The horror continues in the post-apocalyptic audio drama, Survivors: New Dawn 2, released today by Big Finish Productions.

Survivors began as a BBC TV series which ran from 1975-77 and followed a community of people fighting for their lives amid a global pandemic known as the Death. Big Finish has produced the official audio continuation since 2014, with original series actors Carolyn Seymour and Lucy Fleming reprising the roles of Abby Grant and Jenny Richards respectively.

This powerful box set picks up from last year’s New Dawn 1, taking place a generation after the outbreak. Abby and Jenny are reunited and determined to track down Dominic Crayle (Gareth Armstrong), the Governor responsible for enslaving Abby.

A hostile divide has formed between those who lived through the Death and those born into the dystopian world. With the addition of a sibling rivalry among opposing leaders Helen Maxwell (Sheena Bhattessa) and Emma Maxwell (Sheetal Kapoor), tension soars.

Survivors: New Dawn 2 is now available to pre-order as a CD box set + download (for just £19.99) or a digital download only (£16.99), exclusively from the Big Finish website.

The world has ended. The Death crossed continents, sparing only a fraction of the global population. The survivors are now trying to pick up the pieces and rebuild society to create a new future

It’s been twenty years since the Death. Britain has a fledgling government based in Cambridge, and some transport and communications infrastructure has been re-established. International links are being forged, and people are looking to the future with hope. But this new order is more fragile than it appears.

The worst of human nature has survived along with the best. Abby Grant and Jenny Richards have been reunited after fifteen years. They’ve survived tragedy and loss, and now ride north to confront Governor Dominic Crayle with evidence of his crimes.

The three compelling stories in this box set include:

Bad Blood by Lizbeth Myles 

Abby and Jenny are heading north when they’re thrown into the middle of a conflict between two rival factions. Learning someone has tried to assassinate the local Governor, is there anything they can do to prevent further violence and bloodshed? 

When First We Practise to Deceive by Andrew Smith 

Abby and Jenny reach the Zone controlled by Governor Dominic Crayle. He has serious questions to answer, but Crayle will go to any lengths to protect his secrets.

Last Stand by Roland Moore

In the overgrown remains of an abandoned city, a new friend helps Abby and Jenny make a last stand against a determined enemy. 

NOTE: Survivors contains adult material and is not suitable for younger listeners.

The box set also features new characters, including Helen’s ex-fiance and Emma’s right-hand man Sean Douglas (Sam Stafford), Captain of the Rangers Vanessa Walker (Yasmin Mwanza), Crayle’s worker Perry ‘Pyro’ Bennett (Joshua Riley), and grieving widower Akhil Sarkar (Paul Bazely).

Producer Emma Haigh said: “I’ve really enjoyed working on this box set and seeing the resolution between Abby, Jenny and Dominic Crayle come to life. Survivors often tells dark stories but, in this box set we meet some brave and inspiring characters whose actions open up the stories to a new future.”

Lucy Fleming added: “It’s a good old rollicking adventure! [Jenny and Abby] set off to find out what Dominic Crayle is actually doing which proves to be quite difficult. He is a very good and strong character, played brilliantly by Gareth Armstrong. It makes you realise how wicked people can be.”

Carolyn Seymour said: “Being taken as a slave was incredibly traumatic for Abby and she wants [Crayle] brought to justice so she has to find as much proof as she can.”

Gareth Armstrong added: “When we meet DominicCrayle, we think he’s a good guy who’s going to help our heroines but in fact he’s deeply corrupt and as the story goes on you discover he’s also violent, dangerous, and a thoroughly bad guy. “It was a cracking part! It’s always good to play the bad guy, especially as he pretends to be a good guy as you get the chance to be doubly devious. I enjoyed it hugely.”

Survivors: New Dawn 2is now available to pre-order for just £19.99 (as a CD box set + download) or £16.99 (on download only), exclusively from the Big Finish website. Big Finish listeners can save money by pre-ordering the Survivors: New Dawn 1-2 together in a bundle at £38 (CD + download) or £33 (download only).

Praise for Survivors: New Dawn 1:

“Standards of writing, performance and sound design are as high as ever. This is a strong release in a consistently strong series, and very much recommended.” —We Made This Network

“There’s plenty to enjoy here and by the end of the set, a mission established for the second volume too. Roll on February!” —Indie Mac User

“An introduction to the Survivors ‘new dawn’ that is as enticing as it is unexpected.” —Survivors: Mad Dog

All the above prices include the special pre-order discount and are subject to change after general release. Please note that Big Finish is currently operating a digital-first release schedule.

The mail-out of collector’s edition CDs may be delayed due to factors beyond our control, butallpurchases of this release unlock a digital copy that can be immediately downloaded or played on the Big Finish app from the release date.

Big Finish podcast previews Survivors: New Dawn 2

Survivors: New Dawn 2

TODAY’S (6 FEBRUARY 2022) Big Finish podcast previewed the new audio boxset Survivors: New Dawn 2, the concluding part of the New Dawn series due for release later this week.

Sound designer Benji Clifford provides a pithy summary of the premise of Survivors (for those who’ve not encountered the series before now) and, together with co-presenter Nick Briggs, previews some of the behind-the-scenes interviews with cast and crew that accompany the release.

Survivors: New Dawn 2 is available for pre-order right up to its release date. Survivors: New Dawn 1 is still available in both CD and digital download formats. Both releases can also be ordered as part of a Big Finish bundle.

Big Finish podcast. 2022. 'Annihilated Survivors', 6 February

Big Finish podcast. 2022. ‘Annihilated Survivors’, 6 February. https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/big-finish-podcast-2022-02-06-annihilated-survivors-2630

Big Finish release cover and trailer for New Dawn 2 boxset

Big Finish - Survivors - New Dawn 2 - cover

BIG FINISH HAVE revealed the cover design for the forthcoming Survivors audio boxset New Dawn 2, and released the first audio trailer.

The cover features the characters of Abby Grant (Carolyn Seymour) and Jenny Richards (Lucy Fleming) along with images of new protagonists that will join the second part of the New Dawn series. New Dawn 2 is comprised of three connected stories:

The world has ended. The pandemic crossed continents, sparing only a fraction of the global population. The survivors are now trying to pick up the pieces and rebuild society to create a new future. But with only a handful of towns and cities starting to rise from the ashes, and governance and law-making in a fragile, fledgling state, everyone must start over. And the worst of human nature has survived along with the best.

Abby Grant and Jenny Richards face a renewed fight for survival…

2.1 Bad Blood by Lizbeth Myles

Abby and Jenny are heading north when they’re thrown into the middle of a conflict between two rival factions. Learning someone has tried to assassinate the local Governor, is there anything they can do to prevent further violence and bloodshed?

2.2 When First We Practise to Deceive by Andrew Smith

Abby and Jenny reach the Zone controlled by Governor Dominic Crayle. He has serious questions to answer, but Crayle will go to any lengths to protect his secrets.

2.3 Last Stand by Roland Moore

In the overgrown remains of an abandoned city, a new friend helps Abby and Jenny make a last stand against a determined enemy.

Survivors: New Dawn 2 will be released later in February 2022 and is available for pre-order. Survivors: New Dawn 1 is also available in both CD and digital download formats. Both releases can also be ordered as part of a Big Finish bundle.

Survivors: Ghosts & Demons, a new audiobook set in the timeline of the original 1975 TV series, was released as a digital download in November 2021, and is available to purchase from the Big Finish site.

As Roland Moore, the writer of New Dawn 2‘s concluding episode “Last Stand”, observed today on Twitter in response to the New Dawn 2 teasers: “Fabulous cover – and a trailer hinting at a few shocks!”

Ian McCulloch discusses his career on screen at Uni-Versal festival, Aberdeen

IAN McCULLOCH (GREG Preston) will take part in an ‘in conversation’ session at the upcoming Uni-Versal 22 mini-festival hosted by the University of Aberdeen on 5 March 2022.

With this strand of Uni-Versal focusing on the history of film, McCulloch will be reflecting, in particular, on his post-Survivors work on three Italian cult horror movies. Pre-publicity for the event summarises his screen career as follows:

Ian McCulloch is a Scottish actor best known for his performance as Greg Preston in Survivors (1975). In the 1970s and 80s, McCulloch found himself in classics of Italian horror, playing Peter West, the lead male character in Lucio Fulci’s notorious Zombie Flesh Eaters (1979) and also displaying his thespian skills in Luigi Cozzi’s iconic splatter template Contamination (1980).

UNI-Versal Film: In Conversation with Ian McCulloch (Zombie Flesh Eaters)
Room KCF8, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX
Saturday 5 March 2022 – 20:00-22:30

Tickets: £5.00-£8.00
Tickets became available to purchase online from 10:00 on 1 February 2022.

The session is part of a programme of events that includes Screenwriting with Sergio Casci, Shaken Not Stirred – Bond: Past, Present & Future and a panel discussion on Driving Diversity in the Arts.

UPDATE – 1 FEBRUARY 2022: Organisers have now confirmed that the event will include a screening of the most well-regarded of McCulloch’s three Italian horror movies Zombie Flesh Eaters. As a result, the runtime of the event has now been extended to 22:30.

Uni-Versal - Dark Nights - Ian McCulloch - Zombie Flesh Eaters screening - 5 March 2022

A Silver Archive study of Survivors third series’ classic Mad Dog

PUBLISHED THIS FEBRUARY, a new entry in the Obverse Books’ Silver Archive series turns the spotlight on the classic third series Survivors episode Mad Dog.

Written by the author of the Survivors: A World Away site, the book places this exemplarly series three adventure story in the context of its times and within the evolution of Survivors own narrative. It examines the resonance that the spectre of rabies had for TV audiences of the time, and explores the different themes and ideas that find expression in the script for Mad Dog and through its on-screen realisation.

‘Saliva only has to make contact with the skin. Rabies doesn’t even need a scratch. If it’s in the bloodstream, it’s too late.’

Mad Dog (1977) is a standout instalment of the third and final series of the BBC’s post-apocalyptic series Survivors. A touchstone in the series’ switch to a tougher, bleaker sensibility, the episode is rightly remembered for its portrayal of rabies and its gripping chase sequences. But it’s also a story offering fascinating insights into the wider human predicament, which dramatize the tension between optimism and cynicism and between altruism and self-interest. Above all, it’s a story that foregrounds the complex relationship between humanity and the natural world in a fictional post-pandemic Britain.

Published 17 February 2022.
Pages: 168
ISBN: 9781913456221
Author: Rich Cross

In an exclusive interview for the site, the author reveals the inspiration behind the book, describes the research and writing process, and outlines some of the new book’s key themes.

The Obverse Books’ Silver Archive entry Survivors: Mad Dog is available to pre-order ahead of its publication day from the Obverse Books site.

The illustration is a detail from the cover design by Cody Schell @kodiakschell

Rich Cross. 2022. Survivors: Mad Dog. Obverse Books (Silver Archive), ISBN: 9781913456221, pp.168. https://obversebooks.co.uk/product/sa07-survivors-mad-dog/

Reviews of new Survivors audios now available

Survivors: New Dawn 1 - cover

REVIEWS OF THE new Big Finish Survivors audios New Dawn 1 and Ghosts and Demons have now been published on the Survivors: A World Away site.

Individual reviews of each of the three episodes in the first boxset of New Dawn 1, starring Carolyn Seymour, Lucy Fleming and Louise Jameson, are available: Tethered, My Generation and Behind You.

The first series of New Dawn retains the core sense of jeopardy that made the original post-Death context of Survivors so compelling. Yet it does in a way that is original and genuinely exhilarating. Imagining how the country might have moved on more than two decades after the pandemic provides Survivors with a new ‘what if’ premise that crackles with potential

Also published is a review of the new audiobook Ghosts and Demons, written by Ethan Milsea and narrated by Carolyn Seymour.

Survivors: Ghosts and Demons - cover

Ghosts and Demons is a fantastic addition to the audio literature of Survivors. Author Ethan Milsea uses the cautionary tale of the predatory Tommy as a means to explore the different fears and nightmares that haunt those who have experienced the trauma of The Death and survived. This story, which locks itself in to the first TV series’ timeline, delivers admirably on what can often be an elusive ambition: to be both in-keeping with the existing dramatic terrain and to break open new and fertile ground.

Survivors: New Dawn 1 is available to buy, in both CD and digital download formats, from the Big Finish site.

Survivors: Ghosts & Demons is now available to purchase as a digital download .

Survivors: New Dawn 2 will be released in February 2022 and is also available for pre-order. Both releases can be purchased, in both formats, as part of a Big Finish bundle.